A pressure transducer is used to measure water-pressure at the discharge of a pump. The following specifications are available from the manufacturer: Range: ±700 kPa Hysterisis: ±0.5% of span Linearity: ±0.2% of span Repeatibility: ±0.4% of span Stability: ±0.3% of span To determine the repeatability of the measured pressure, 10 auxiliary tests at the desired average pressure of 500 kPa were run. The standard deviation of these measurements is 5 kPa. In a separate test of the data transmission system, 5 tests of the same pressure input resulted in a standard deviation of 3 kPa. The A/D converter is tested 10 times resulting a standard deviation of 4 kPa. (a) (10) Calculate the random uncertainty of the pressure measurement at 95% confidence level. (b) (10) Calculate the systematic uncertainty of the pressure measurement. (c) (10) Calculate the total uncertainty of the pressure measurement. If the pump only works when the discharge pressure is within ±2% deviation from the desired 500 kPa, please comment on the adequacy of this device.

Airplane speeds are measured in three different ways: (1) indicated speed, (2) true speed, and (3) ground speed. the indicated airspeed is the airspeed given by an instrument called an airspeed indicator. a plane’s indicated airspeed is different from its true airspeed because the indicator is affected by temperature changes and different altitudes of air pressure. the true airspeed is the speed of the airplane relative to the wind. ground speed is the speed of the airplane relative to the ground. for example, a plane flying at a true airspeed of 150 knots into a headwind of 25 knots will have a ground speed of 125 knots. the problems below refer to static and dynamic pressure. static pressure is used when a body is in motion or at rest at a constant speed and direction. dynamic pressure is used when a body in motion changes speed or direction or both. a gauge compares these pressures, giving pilots an indicated airspeed. in problem #s 1 and 2, use the following information. the indicated airspeed s (in knots) of an airplane is given by an airspeed indicator that measures the difference p (in inches of mercury) between the static and dynamic pressures. the relationship between s and p can be modeled by s=136.4p√+4.5. 1. find the differential pressure when the indicated airspeed is 157 knots. 2. find the change in the differential pressure of an airplane that was traveling at 218 knots and slowed down to195 knots. in problem #s 3 and 4, use the following information. the true airspeed t (in knots) of an airplane can be modeled by t=(1+a50,000) ⋅ s, where a is the altitude (in feet) and s is the indicated airspeed (in knots). 3. write the equation for true airspeed t in terms of altitude and differential pressure p. 4. a plane is flying with a true airspeed of 280 knots at an altitude of 20,000 feet. estimate the differential pressure. explain why you think your estimate is correct.

Ahiker stands at an unknown elevation before he ascends 2 miles up a mountain to an elevation of 9 miles. find the elevation of the hiker before his ascent.

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