)consider the system given by dx dt = ax + bu, y = cx, where x ∈ rn, u ∈ rp, and y ∈ rq. show that the states can be determined from the input u and the output y and their derivatives if the observability matrix wo given by equation (8.4) has n independent rows.

a4 - 3a2 - 1

step-by-step explanation:

step   1   :

equation at the end of step   1   :

  ((a4) -   3a2) -   1

step   2   :

trying to factor by splitting the middle term

2.1     factoring   a4-3a2-1  

the first term is,   a4   its coefficient is   1 .

the middle term is,   -3a2   its coefficient is   -3 .

the last term, "the constant", is   -1  

1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 +4^3 = (1+2+3+4)^2

step-by-step explanation:

i am only able to answer the first part. i am not sure about the second part. sorry

493 would be the correct answer

step-by-step explanation: