In the article "foods, fortificants, and supplements: where do americans get their nutrients? " researchers analyze the nutrient and vitamin intake from a random sample of 16,110 u. s. residents. researchers compare the level of daily vitamin intake for vitamin a, vitamin b-6, vitamin b-12, vitamin c, vitamin d, vitamin e and calcium. unless otherwise stated, all hypothesis tests in the study are conducted at the 5% significance level. researchers conduct a hypothesis test to determine if the proportion of u. s. residents consuming recommended levels of calcium is different among women and men. the p-value is 0.035, and researchers conduct this test at a 5% level of significance.
what does a p-value of 0.035 mean?
a. there is a 3.5% chance that there is no difference in calcium consumption for women and men.
b. if the calcium consumption rates are different for the women and men, there is a 3.5% chance that future experiments will show the same difference in calcium consumption as observed in this experiment.
c. if calcium consumption is the same for women and men, there is a 3.5% chance that future studies will show differences in calcium consumption greater than observed in this study.
d. if calcium consumption is the same for women and men, there is a 3.5% chance that calcium consumption will be different in future experiments.