Five students were tested before and after taking a class to improve their study habits. they were given articles to read which contained a known number of facts in each story. after the story each student listed as many facts as he/she could recall. the following data was recorded.

before 10 12 14 16 12
after 15 14 17 17 20

1. refer to exhibit 14-3. the obtained value of the appropriate statistic is

2. refer to exhibit 14-3. what do you conclude using a = 0.052 tail?

3.