1. simplify and state any excluded values .

For this case we have the following expression:

To simplify the expression, the first thing to do is factor the denominator.

We have then:

Then, canceling similar terms we have:

From here, we must find any value that should be excluded from the expression.

We must exclude values of c that make the denominator equal to zero.

We have then:

The simplified expression is:

The value to be excluded from the expression is: