Through the exercise of the supreme court has held actions or laws of the executive and legislative branches unconstitutional. a. clemency b. writs of habeas corpus c. judicial review d. writs of certiorari e. stare decisis

c. judicial review

Judicial review is the duty of the Supreme Court to review laws for constitutionality. This is the check the Court has over the other two branches. 

Judicial review was established during the Marshall Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison. John Marshall made a statement in the decision that the job of the Supreme Court was to review laws. 

The muslims ruler the mandated and cultural toleration was osman