The three major west african empires increased their wealth by trading gold and precious jewels. taxing all trade in their region. restricting trade to only high-level merchants. pooling their trade earnings into one central account.

considered the turning point in pacific war. the japanese tried to lure the american navy out so it could be destroyed but failed. the americans were led by admiral chester nimitz. the victory by america would put them on the offensive for the remainder of the war.

norsemen from northern countries had made earlier journeys