What philospopher mocked established authority such as the church and the government

Perhaps Martin Luther? You know, the guy who started the Protestant Reformation? Idk that's my best bet.

The transcontinental railroad provided a means of fast transportation. it cut a 6 month trip into 6 days, created jobs for many people and encouraged immigration. the homestead act played a huge role in western expansion; it allowed settlers to begin a fresh start, and gave them land in exchange for their residence for up to five years and a small fee.