What did toussaint louverture and simon bolivar have in common?

Spain conquered most of the lands in the Americas (while Portugal conquered Brazil0. • It divided its empire into provinces. • The two most important provinces were New Spain and Peru. • Spain set up a class system; Native Americans were the lowest. • The Native Americans were the least powerful class. • They were forced to work on plantations (haciendas) for European settlers. • They also worked in mines after silver was discovered (extremely dangerous). • Many died from overwork, malnutrition, or diseases. • The population decreased from 25 million in 1519 to less than 2 million in the late 1500s. • European diseases decimated Native American population. • European settlers still needed workers for plantations. • Colonists began importing African slaves to supplement Native American labor. • Aspects of Native American & African culture (languages, customs, beliefs, traditions) survived & blended together. • Mestizos: people of mixed Native American and European ancestry • Criollo: had Spanish-born parents, but was born in Latin America • Mulattoes: people of mixed African and European ancestry • Ships leaving Europe first stopped in Africa; they traded European goods for captives taken in tribal wars or raids. • Ships then traveled to America; slaves were exchanged for sugar & other island products. • Ships returned home loaded with products from the Americas that grew very popular with Europeans. • An estimated 8-15 million Africans reached the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century. • The African slave population quickly began to outnumber the Europeans & the Native Americans. • Slave rebellions were common. • He was a former slave in Haiti (freed in 1777). • In 1791, he led a huge slave revolt against the French in Hispaniola. • France was also fight • In 1801, L’Ouverture led a huge army into a Spanish colony & freed all slaves there. o Six months later, he became “governor general of Haiti for life.” • In 1802, a large French army lands in Haiti. • They wanted to restore old French government & regain control of sugar trade. • L’Ouverture’s army fought the French & lost. • French arrested L’Ouverture and sent him to prison in France. • L’Ouverture died while in prison. • L’Ouverture’s army was outraged; it took up arms again against France. • In November 1803, they defeated the last of the French forces. • In 1804, they declared Haiti independent of French rule. • Haiti became the 1st country in Latin America to break free of European imperialism. • Bolivar was a wealthy Venezuelan Criollo who spent many years traveling Europe. • While in Italy, he discovered his life’s purpose: to liberate his homeland from European control. • In 1810, Bolivar’s army kicks Spanish governor out of Venezuela • In 1811, a new constitution proclaimed Venezuela independent of Spanish rule. • Soon after, Spanish royalists defeated the new country’s army & Bolivar was forced to flee to New Granada (Colombia). • Bolivar organized a bigger army and marched back into Venezuela. • In 1813, Bolivar’s army won & took control of Venezuela’s capital, Caracas. • Bolivar was nicknamed El Libertador. • Bolivar organized a bigger army and marched back into Venezuela. • In 1813, Bolivar’s army won & took control of Venezuela’s capital, Caracas. • Bolivar was nicknamed El Libertador. • Over the next few years, Bolivar liberated New Granada (now Colombia), Ecuador, Panama, Peru, & Upper Peru (now Bolivia). • Hidalgo was a Catholic priest in the town of Dolores. • He began the struggle for Mexico’s independence in 1810. • September 16th, 1810: “Cry of Dolores” was his call for revolution. • He rang church bells and shouted, “Long live our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the Spaniards!”. • An army of mestizos & Native Americans rallied behind Hidalgo. • Over 80,000 people joined the fight, but the army was soon defeated by the Spanish. • Hidalgo was captured and executed in 1811. • Mexicans continued to fight for independence over the next decade. • In 1821, Mexico gained independence from Spain. • Mexico celebrates September 16th as it’s Independence Day. • The president rings a bell in Mexico city and repeats Hidalgo’s “Cry of Dolores.”