The Revolutions of 1830 were rebellions against conservative kings and governments made by liberals and revolutionaries. The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of republican revolts against European monarchies. They all ended in failure, except for France and Belgium, and were followed by extensive disappointment among liberals. Despite liberal and national success in France and Belgium, the conservative order still dominated much of Europe. However, liberalism and nationalism continued to grow.
Some of the revolutions were:
1. Revolution in the Italian states 1830: It was a failure; what they wanted was a liberal constitution and geographic unification. In the spring of 1831, The Austrian army began its march across the Italian peninsula pressing resistance in each province that has revolted. This military action conquered much of the emergent revolutionary movement, and resulted in the arrest of many radical leaders.
2. Revolution in Belgium 1830: It was a success; Belgium declared its independence from the Netherlands, and it was recognized in 1831 as a separate nation by the International governments at the Conference of London. The Dutch, however, only recognized Belgium's independence and the terms of the Conference in 1839.
3. Revolution in France 1848: It was a success; in France liberals wanted to end with the power of the king or monarchy, they wanted representation in the legislature and voting or suffrage rights. Thanks to the revolution, The Second Republic and universal manhood suffrage were established; it was also established the principle of the "right to work". French successes led to other revolts hoping for independence from foreign rulers.
4. Revolution in Germany 1848: It was a failure; Promised to set up a limited monarchy with liberal constitution and political unification under the Frankfurt Assembly. Their strong nationalist feeling was summed up in the successful Heidelberg Declaration which demanded a national German parliament. A year only after the beginning of the revolution the King had recover his political and military strength to state in public that only God could decide upon his crown.
5. Revolution in Austrian Empire 1848: It was a failure; wanted to set up independent government, legislature with a liberal constitution. In June 1848, the revolution in Austria began to run out of steam. After all, it was a non industrialized country that did not have a well-developed middle class. This revolution was led by intellectuals and students. The army helped to suppress the revolution and because of this Austria became even more conservative and repressive.
