Economic theory stating that there is a fixed amount of wealth; therefore to receive a lancer share, one country must take wealth from another

Answer to the typed question is Mercantilism
Mercantilism is an economic theory which states that there is a fixed amount of wealth contained in the world. According to this economic theory, in order for one country to receive a lancer share, it had to take wealth from another country.

Answers to the attached image - Puzzle

2. The middle passage - This was the 2nd stage of the triangular trade system. This stage of triangular trade involved shipping the slaves (which comprise of millions of Africans who were either purchased or kidnapped) across the Atlantic to the Americas.

7. The Columbian Exchange (or The Great Exchange) -  This refers to the great and massive exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres following the voyage of Columbus (that is, after 1492).

8. Spanish Armada - This was the impressive fleet of ships launched by Philip II of Spain. Spanish armada was  defeated by England in 1588 which greatly bruised Spain's ego and increased England's power, sine they were now able to develop overseas trade and colonies without Spain standing in the way.

9. The Puritans - The puritans, in their desire and bid to further "purify" the Church of England  objected to the Anglican Church maintaining some practices of the Catholic church. They held on to the belief that the Church of England was only partially reformed so long as it still maintained some of the Catholic practices.

11. Thirty Years' War - The thirty years' war which was fought mainly in Central Europe lasted from 1618 till 1648. It began in Prague in 1618 (The defenestration of Prague which led to the bohemian revolt). It is reputed as the deadliest European war in history; it resulted in approximately 8 million casualties.

13. Guerrilla Warfare - This is a military technique that relies on swift raids by small bands of soldiers. It is a form of irregular warfare wherein small group of combatants (including armed civilians) use military tactics to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.

The answer is a)advocates of divine right.