Many early political structures were governed by
a. hereditary and patriarchal rulers.
b. a democratically elected ruler.
c. communal decision.
d. the oldest matriarch.

Many early political structures were governed by hereditary and patriarchal rulers. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is option "A". This was actual the main problem that were faced by the people during the early years. The rulers were never chosen on merit and hence some of the civilizations lost the glory that their previous generations created. Due to this fact the United States of America slowly moved away from this strategy and went for the merit based selection.

Because he is hungry