The first europeans to establish a trade relationship with china were the
a. dutch.
c. french.
b. british.
d. portuguese.

Option (D)

Explanation:

Portuguese were the first Europeans that established a trade relationship with China by travelling across the sea in the year 1517. They initially contacted the rulers of China and planned a mission to Peking, which was undertaken by Tome Pires in the year 1520-1521. They maintained a good relationship but the Chinese rulers did not allow them to pay tribute to the Ming.

By the middle of 1550, some of the Chinese officials gave the opportunity to the Portuguese to settle down in Macao, which later became a medium of trading with China. This is how the Portuguese did trading with the Chinese by exporting and importing spices and other goods.

Thus, the correct answer is option (D).

the conditions that made the byzantine empire vulnerable to attacks by the muslin turks were the sack of constantinople by western crusaders, the conquests of the sultanate of rum, presence of rival kingdoms and finally the set up of fiefdoms at the empire which were owned by the ghazis (turkish warriors).

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