Which of the following was most responsible for the civil war's high death toll a. outdated tactics b. poor generalship c. new weapons d. poor medical care

the conditions that made the byzantine empire vulnerable to attacks by the muslin turks were the sack of constantinople by western crusaders, the conquests of the sultanate of rum, presence of rival kingdoms and finally the set up of fiefdoms at the empire which were owned by the ghazis (turkish warriors).

newly independent countries of the former ussr