Several southerners during the time of reconstruction attempted to their former slaves in an attempt to maintain control of them.

The answer is contract. Many of southerners at that time of Reconstruction trying  to contract their former slaves in an attempt to hold control of them. A derogatory term appropriate to Northerners who migrated south in the time of the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own luck by buying up land from furious Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain advantageous government contracts.

the answer is a) james madison.

254.34

step-by-step explanation:

the formula for area of a circle is given by

a = pi * r^2

a = pi * 9^2

a = 81*pi

using 3.14 as an approximation for pi

a = 3.14*81

a = 254.34