The black codes instituted by southern state governments created under andrew johnson's reconstruction plan aimed to achieve what goal? c. redistribute plantation lands to freedmen a. conform african americans' status to federal government dictates b. place african americans in a situation as close to slavery as possible d. ensure the voting rights of freedmen

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts