1. big bang "the universe is the same and always will be the same." 2. inflation "the universe popped into existence from a single, dense, hot, chaotic singularity." 3. oscillating universe "the universe will eventually contract in a big crunch." 4. steady state "the universe rapidly expanded within milliseconds after the big bang."

the pogroms became known as kristallnacht, the "night of shattered glass," for the shattered glass from the store windows that littered the streets. the morning after the pogroms 30,000 german jewish men were arrested for the "crime" of being jewish and sent to concentration camps, where hundreds of them perished.

this forms a narrow, steep sided inlet (sometimes deeper than 1300 metres) connected to the sea. the terminal moraine pushed down the valley by the glacier is left underwater at the fjord’s entrance, causing the water at the neck of the fjord to be shallower than the main body of the fjord behind it.