In what respect was japan's borrowing of chinese culture different from the experiences of korea and vietnam? a japan adopted many elements of chinese culture but completely rejected confucianism. b japanese people viewed their own country less as a separate nation than as an extension of a universal civilization centered in china. c japan's borrowing was wholly voluntary rather than occurring under conditions of direct military threat or outright occupation. d in japan, only the lower classes and women embraced chinese culture while elite men resisted chinese influence in all arenas.