How did nationalism impact large empires during the 19th century

It led groups within empires to fight for their political independence.

Explanation:

apex

mesopotamian code of hammurabi

and i think its 1860 b.c. you mean lol

genetics is the study of how dna works, the methodologies defining the new recent technologies allow scientist to have a panoramic view of the entire dna landscape, especially how genomes interact with their environment, including off course, factors outside their organisms.

thus is very possible the existence of both scenarios, where populations of isolated individuals have different genetic traits, and share traits related to genetic mutation, due rats can easily travel overseas using human transport channels. so scientists could get a vast number of data, including human interaction, evolution of rodents, health development, spread of infections, development of new organisms, how genomes evolve in different environments and so on.