In early united states history, "midnight judge" refers specifically to

judges appointed to serve based on their political affiliation.

Explanation:

The Judiciary Act of 1801 was signed by John Adams in the last days of his presidency (1797–1801) and was meant to reorganize the federal judiciary by establishing the first circuit judgeships in America.

Thomas Jefferson, the following president, saw the Judiciary Act as an effort by Adams to hold control of the judiciary by crowding it with federalist supporters, so the act was repealed in 1802.

answer; ///i do believe that the correct answer is (d); ///athens had a small population;

(b) britain had a much larger navy than the u.s.

(d) the u.s. had a small army compared to britain.