All of the following are causes of apprehension except: a. inexperience and lack of preparation b. lack of confidence c. negative past experiences d. all of the above are causes of apprehension.

The correct answer is D) all of the above are causes of apprehension.

These are causes of apprehension: inexperience and lack of preparation, lack of confidence, and negative past experiences.

Apprehension can be caused by many things. Among them, inexperience to do a job and fulfill a responsibility. If an individual did not prepare for a job or competence, it can cause anxiousness and apprehension. If an individual is lacking confidence, he is not feeling confident. It also is a cause of anxiousness and apprehension. If the person had bad experiences and he/she remembers it, apprehension is the result and it stops people from doing what they need to do.  

i'd assume india mainly because of how isolated japan was.   plus it is a whole china away.