When did powerful nation-states (spain, portugal, france, england) emerge in europe that would shift important trade routes to the atlantic? during the time of the crusades during the late middle ages during the reformation immediately after the fall of the roman empire

During the late Middle Ages

Explanation:

The Late Middle Ages is the last period of the Middle Ages and includes the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries - although some historians place its beginning in the eleventh century denying the existence of the period of the Middle Ages (11th to 13th centuries). It was marked by the crisis unleashed by the impact of the Black Death that began in 1348 and reduced the European population to less than half.

observing traffic laws in exchange for driving on the highway.

answer: this is because archeologists keep finding artefacts and ancient ruins dated more than 10000 to 15000 years, date around scientists said humans discovered language; which is at least mysterious as scientists always have said that is necessary to have a language to have architecture and some basic maths.

explanation: brainlest