In the history of events in russia in the 19th and 20th centuries, the slogan "one language, one church, and one ruler" refers to a czarist program to bring about
a. democratic reforms
b. self-determination
c. russification
d. communization

I'm going to go with Russification because in the quote above it says "one language, one church, and one ruler." I feel as if this quote is calling for assimilation. When the Russian empire was big, in order to maintain their identity the Russians forced the countries that were under their rule to learn the language and culture and to give up the culture and language of the country that the people lived in (the countries that fell under the Soviet Union). All that to say, countries that fell under the Soviet Union had to loose their identity and take up the Russian identity.

Hopefully this helped and good luck. 

simplify brackets

8 - 2a - 7 = a + 40

simplify 8 - 2a - 7 to -2a + 1

-2a + 1 = a + 40

add 2a to both sides

1 = a + 40 + 2a

simplify a + 40 + 2a to 3a + 40

1 = 3a + 40

subtract 40 from both sides

1 - 40 = 3a

simplify 1 - 40 o -39

-39 = 3a

divide both sides by 3

-39/3 = a

simplify 39/3 to 13

-13 = a

switch sides

a = -13

i'm pretty sure it would be, the mediterranean sea.