39. What best explains how the idea expressed in this excerpt is reflected in United States To what expedient then shall we finally resort for maintaining in
practice the
necessary partition of power among the several departments, as
laid down in
the constitution? The only answer that can be given is ... by so
contriving
the interior structure of the government, as that its several
constituent parts
may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other
in their
proper places.
- James Madison, Federalist No. 51, 1788
a. The Constitution can be changed through the amendment process.
b. Civil liberties protect individuals from government abuse of power.
c. Citizens have the right to vote ineffective representatives out of office
d. Power is divided into separate branches that check and balance each other.

option d is correct. corroborated sources of historical evidence   is necessary to validate a claim about an event in history.

historians tend to use written sources, but audio and visual materials as well as artifacts are important objects that supply information to modern historians.

historical sources are usually divided into two categories: primary and secondary sources. depending on the historian's intent, some sources shift their designation. determining what type of sources toimplement, and the level of credibility and reliability of those sources, is a significant step in critical thinking for the historian.

explanation:

b.

jim crow laws were enacted in northern states.

what are the options ?

abraham lincoln  (february 12, 1809  – april 15, 1865) was an american statesman, politician, and lawyer who served as the 16th  president of the united states  from 1861 until  his assassination  in april 1865. lincoln led the nation through the  american civil war, its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis.[2][3]  he preserved the  union,  abolished slavery, strengthened the  federal government, and modernized  the u.s. economy.