how did Islam become an organizing force, both politically and economically, in much of the world during this time period.

They were brought by trade and cultural exchange, military conquest. The rise of Islam influenced the Middle East greatly because it become the most widely religion practiced in Asia.

Islam spread both via conquests and via the peaceful adoption of the doctrine. We propose that these principles emerged and persisted in Islam because of a geography characterized by highly unequal agricultural endowments, which shaped the economic aspects of the Islamic religious doctrine.