Spain and Portugal were sending explorers and finding more land,
so they decided to set a line of
A. demarcation
B. territory
C. battle

Their goals were to expand Catholicism and to gain a commercial advantage over Portugal

Explanation:(During the fifteenth century, Spain hoped to gain advantage over its rival, Portugal. ... Their goals were to expand Catholicism and to gain a commercial advantage over Portugal. To those ends, Ferdinand and Isabella sponsored extensive Atlantic exploration.)

the doctrine of nullification recommended that states living inside the union have the one-sided, inalienable ideal to void any law made by the national government that could be esteemed illegal.

the united states was shaped based on a general agreement among its individual states. hence, it is inferred that under the hypothesis of invalidation, since the states are the establishment of the union, they have the ability to referee and disprove unlawful laws.

ghana achieved independence peacefully, while algeria gained independence through an armed struggle.