At first, ranchers saw barbed wire as a threat because it A. harmed their cattle.
B. kept their herds from roaming freely.
C. prevented cattle from finding food.
D. required much effort to maintain.

The  pan-african movement  was an "emotional, cultural, psychological and ideological  movement  that began among the  african  dispora in the western hemisphere, for a closer  purpose, so that  african  people could feel secure, attain political, economic as well as psychological power visa vis other races or world regions" .

Upheld the 1st amendment according to the u.s constitution. freedom of speech being limited in this case yes national emergencies