Why did Pope Urban II issue the call to arms that initiated the Crusades? The pope hoped to protect Christians in the East and, mainly, to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim Turks.

The Jews in Palestine had overtaken Jerusalem and had restricted access of the city to Christians.

Muslim armies had massacred thousands of Jews who lived in Byzantium.

The Turkish leader Saladin had invaded Constantinople and placed himself on the throne.

Explanation:

Pope Urban II launches the Crusades by calling all Christians in Europe to war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land.

the correct answers are as followed:

1) to express a political opinion about an issue or event. - people who create these cartoons use their artistic ability to show where they stand on important issues in society.

2) to persuade citizens to adopt a certain belief. - political cartoons are usually critical of a policy/event that has taken place. their goal in this criticism is to get the reader to see their side of the story and to agree with it.

3) entertain readers by using humor.- often times, political cartoons are supposed to be entertaining for the reader.

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the answer is a) the proclamation of 1763.