According to the book How Adam Smith can change your life, what best explains why we fail to live up to the standards of the impartial spectator or the standards of people around us whose respect and affection we want to earn?

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts