Identify one advancement that led to european dominance of the seas

What lands were added to the russian empire under ivan iv, peter the great, and catherine the great?

As the coach of the u.s. olympic cycling team, i can state without question that the swedish and french teams were using illegal steroids. how else could they have beaten us so badly in the last competition? the u.s. team trained much harder and was much more skilled than our opponents. we only lost because a few teams cheated.

How does iraqs geographical location ( desert-like environment ) affect it's politcal relationships? i've been stuck on this and i'm giving a lot of points