How did people in China know whether the Mandate of Heaven had been removed from a ruling family?

Which statements correctly identify a condition that must exist for a culture to be considered a civilization

Is karma the same as destiny, in the sense that everything that happens to you is predetermined? do you believe that "what goes around comes around," and if so is this the same as karma? does everyone get what they deserve, in the end?

The christians in jerusalem met in the catacombs for their worship service