Which of the following is not a factor leading to the independence movements in Africa? B. pride in African cultures and heritage
Y. resentment of imperial rule and economic exploitation
H. the United Nations charter guaranteeing self-determination to colonies
J. refusal of European mother countries to halt imperialism efforts on African lands

please help

the correct answer is: (1) affected by gerrymandering; (2) not affected by gerrymandering.

gerrymandering is known as a practice that intends to establish a some kind of political advantage for a particular party or group. to do this district boundaries are manipulated. the new resulting district is named a gerrymandering.

in other words, what gerrymandering does is to draw the boundaries of electoral districts trying to benefit the party who is doing it. sometimes, the party controlling the legislature will redraw it so they can maximize the number of districts they are likely to control.

fairly positive it is 4

building the panama canal