How did ideas like the ones expressed in the passages contribute to the spread of Islam in northern Africa between 1200 and 1450 CE? Monarchs decided to ally with the Islamic empire to prevent war.
The Islamic empire established a center of learning in the territories.
The Islamic empire conquered the people of the territory and had them convert to Islam.
The monarchs converted, then used their Islamic knowledge in government matters.

Islam spread so quickly because of Migration, Conquest, and The Political Order. Migration- a number or body of persons migrating together. Migration was one of the first reasons why Islam spread so quickly. When Muhammad was spreading the teachings that were given to him by the angel Gabriel, people started to resist.

the answer to fill in the blank in this question would be the word resource, it is defined as the money, material or people (since human resource is a very valuable good) that a company or a person has at disposition (meaning they can use the resource as they see fit), to be able to complete a task or achieve a goal.  

martin luther believed that selling indulgences was wrong and gave people a license to sin. the roman catholic church used the practice of indulgences to raise money for major building projects.