Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses
were adopted in southern states primarily to
(1) enforce the terms of the 15th amendment
(2) keep african americans from exercising their
right to vote
(3) stop criminals and immigrants from voting
(4) eliminate bribery and corruption at polling
places

Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses were adopted in Southern States primarily to keep African Americans from exercising their
right to vote.

The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. it may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. it includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. a holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). a hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. so probably family history.