All of the following were causes of the reformation except
a. 100 years war and black death.
b. scientific advances which contradicted with the church teachings.
c. the desire to spread islam to western europe
d. the corruption within the catholic church.

The item that was NOT a cause of the Reformation:

C. The desire to spread Islam to Western Europe.

Further details:

The Roman Catholic Church failed to provide much hope or comfort to people during the years of the 100 Years War and the devastation of the Black Death.  Corruption within the church only became worse in the years that followed, and people were wanting change.  Coupled with that were new ideas and challenges being posed by the start of the Scientific Revolution.  Martin Luther, whose activity sparked the Reformation, was a contemporary of Nicolaus Copernicus, whose work sparked the Scientific Revolution.

there were three types of british colonies: royal, proprietary, and self-governing. each type had its own characteristics. proprietary colonies, such as pennsylvania, maryland, and delaware, were basically land grants from the british government.

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