In the 1940s and 1950s, pan-arabism grew in the middle east in response to
a decrease in arab nationalism.
the division of the ottoman empire.
european conquest and colonialism.
growing influence from western nations.

The correct answer is the fourth one: growing influence from Western nations.

In the following years to the Second World War, many Arab countries were struggling to be independent of Western powers and their influence. During this period, countries like Tunisia and Algeria were still colonies of France, other countries, like Iraq, were under direct influence of the UK or were British colonies, like some Gulf countries, and Egypt ended the British occupation in 1952, with the overthrown of King Farouk by a group of officers led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. In this context, the State of Israel was established in the former British territory of Palestine, which was considered by the Arab countries like a treason from Western powers. Under these circumstances, pan-Arabism, a secular Arab nationalist ideology that seeks unity among Arab people, gained strength and was driven by Nasser in Egypt and the Baath parties in Iraq and Syria.

the answer is catholics

the exact role and status of women in the roman world, and indeed in most ancient societies, has often been obscured by the biases of both ancient male writers and 19-20th century ce male scholars, a situation only relatively recently redressed by modern scholarship which has sought to more objectively assess women's status, rights, duties, representation in the arts, and daily lives; and all this from almost exclusively male source material dealing with a male-dominated roman world.

women in mythology

unlike some other ancient cultures such as the greeks who had formed a creation myth where woman was a creature secondary to man and, more specifically, in the form of pandora, a bringer of unhappiness and vices, the romans had a more neutral approach where humanity, and not specifically the male, was created by the gods from earth and water. ovid's metamorphoses, for example, does not specify whether the first human was a man or a woman. at least in a physical sense then men and women were not regarded as belonging to a different species as in the greek world, a view often reiterated in roman medical treatises.