The umayyad and abbasid dynasties were ruled by (muhammad, caliphs, kings). in general, these muslim leaders were tolerant toward jewish and (christian, shinto, confucian) peoples, who had to (petition the government, pay a special tax, join the army) to continue to practice their religion.

The Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties were ruled by caliphs. In general, these Muslim leaders were tolerant toward Jewish and Christian peoples, who had to pay a special tax to continue to practice their religion.

Explanation:

The Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties were powerful caliphates that ruled expanded territories over the Middle East and North of Africa, who altogether ruled over 600 years.  

These empires allowed military expansion and enrichment of knowledge in the Muslim world. At first, both empires allowed non-muslims to preserve their faith in exchange for being subject to taxation, which helped to increase numbers in terms of population, administration, and power.

answer: a parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislature, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament. in a parliamentary system, the head of state is usually a person distinct from the head of government. this is in contrast to a presidential system, where the head of state often is also the head of government and, most importantly, the executive does not derive its democratic legitimacy from the legislature.

countries with parliamentary democracies may be constitutional monarchies, where a monarch is the head of state while the head of government is almost always a member of parliament (such as the united kingdom, denmark, sweden, and japan), or parliamentary republics, where a mostly ceremonial president is the head of state while the head of government is regularly from the legislature (such as ireland, germany, india, and italy). in a few parliamentary republics, such as botswana, south africa, and suriname, among some others, the head of government is also head of state, but is elected by and is answerable to parliament. in bicameral parliaments, the head of government is generally, though not always, a member of the lower house.

parliamentarianism is the dominant form of government in europe, with 32 of its 50 sovereign states being parliamentarian. it is also common in the caribbean, being the form of government of 10 of its 13 island states, and in oceania. elsewhere in the world, parliamentary countries are less common, but they are distributed through all continents, most often in former colonies of the british empire that subscribe to a particular brand of parliamentarianism known as the westminster system.

explanation: