Which of the following best describes the racial divisions in the north after suburbanization in the 1950's?
a. african americans remained in the inner cities, while whites moved to the suburbs.
b. african americans and whites created mixed suburbs.
c. african americans were pushed out of the cities into the suburbs by whites.
d. both african americans and whites created segregated suburbs.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts