The twelfth amendment to the constitution, adopted in 1804:
a. required the electoral college to vote separately for president and vice president
b. created a new federal judiciary system with john marshall as chief justice of the united states
c. institutionalized the two-party system in american politics
d. established the sovereignty of the national government over the state governments

"millions for defense, but not one cent for trubute" was in reference to what?
a. the americans' revolt against spain's continued threats of colonization.
b. the americans' rallying cry against the alien and sedition acts.
c. the british requirement of money paid to maintain peace in the west.
d. the u. s. refusal to pay for treaty discussions with france.