1. compared to women in agricultural civilizations, women in pastoral societies before the 16th century
a. did not engage in productive labor
b. had no domestic responsibilities
c. enjoyed a greater role in public life
d. could not marry or divorce

2. some scholars have argued that of all the areas that came under mongol rule , russia was most affected. which if the following would support this historical interpretation?
a. mongol migrants settled in russia and established themselves as an aristocracy
b. mongol herdsmen converted farmland into pastures, permanently destroying soil fertility
c. russian peasant s converted to islam in great numbers and married mongol soldiers
d. russian adopted the diplomatic rituals, court practices and military draft of the mongols

3. which of the following policies of mongol rulers facilitated the exchange of ideas and techniques throughout eurasia in the 13th and 14th centuries?
a. the forcible transfer of skilled and educated people to distant parts of the empire
b. the use of siege warfare and cannons in their military conquests
c. the creations of an impera bureaucracy that excluded the local populations
d. the establishment of taxation system that significantly increased state revenues

4. which of the following is an example of how japan, korea, and vietnam combined elements of chinese culture with local traditions in the pre modern period
a. the development of a writing system that combined chinese characters with phonetic symbols
b. the merging of shinto and daoist views of humanity relationship to the natural world
c. the assimilation of hindu and buddhist reincarnations into the local pantheon of gods
d. the incorporation of the civil service examination system into the tribute system