What was going on in europe that most likely influenced the reform movements of the 1800s? governments were slow to act. populations were increasing rapidly. revolutions were spreading across europe. populations were decreasing as a result of emigration.

.Reforms affecting the entire Catholic Church in the 15th and 17th century Europe "against a religious movement is made.

Over-enrichment and corruption of the Catholic Church, politics and begin to deal with more mundane activities attracted the attention of the man many religions and has led to the reform movement. In the first post-Reformation in Germany, France and England would be effective in the Nordic countries. This reform has led to new and great movement of Christianity consists of three sects of Protestantism.

The leader of the Reformation Lutheran theologian and philosopher Martin Germanic origin is. Before him the fate of the Lutheran heretics and has not been declared as occurring burned reformers. Caught a huge success and changed the course of European history. In this period were exploited by Germany Papacy. Because of the great hatred was heard in Italy. Martin Luther has also benefited greatly from this situation. Martin Luther Pope is deceived Christians during a visit to Rome, he realized that he unfairly in a life of pleasure and luxury living. Luther said it should aim to return to Christianity after seeing this and the Roman Church (Catholic) have laid the foundations of a great movement will occur against. Thus Luther himself in the first decade of "Protestant"  has found the beginning of the rebellion.

A priest's forgiveness certificates in Germany (Indulgence) is to start selling the straw was last drop. This system would provide greater income Papacy safe. In this case, as well as Saxony Lutheran Elektor  has shown great response. Certificates of pardon has been selling the priest. Luther, for the first time, followed by an act of defying the Catholic monarch was supported by politics. 

The answer is C) Revolutions were spreading across Europe

a.) are both appointed for life

to reform the distraught soviet union, the democratization of the communist party was promoted through party secretary mikhail gorbachev's policies of “perestroika” and “glasnost.” perestroika refers to the reconstruction of the political and economic system established by the communist party.