The author argues that emancipation in northern states occurred as a result of Supreme Court rulings as a result of Supreme Court rulings A through amendments to state constitutions through amendments to state constitutions B over a long period of time over a long period of time C in response to widespread protes

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful

A. southerners underestimated republicans eagerness to end slavery.