How did some nineteenth-century thinkers use science to promote racist beliefs?

was used to justify the ownership of slaves, as well as colonialism. It reached its pinnacle in eugenics, a "science" espoused by the British statistician and sociologist Francis Galton at the end of the 19th century.

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Natural Selection

Explanation:

19th century thinkers had a lot of justifications for racism. The most common one however, was that how there are animals that are ”less evolved” for lack of a better word, there’s always another animal that triumphs over them, like deer and lions. People used that to suggest that African Americans were “naturally inferior” or less than Europeans or white men.

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