Analyze this political cartoon. What does the metaphor of the cauldron mean? Why are these particular figures placed on or near the cauldron? How does the cartoon show the importance of nationalism in causing World War I?

Cartoon depicting the European great powers — Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary — struggling to stop the conflict in the Balkans from boiling over into something much bigger and much worse, 1912-1913. Crises over the Balkans were not new — they had been a semi-regular occurrence in European diplomacy since the Greek War of Independence in the 1820s began the slow process of eroding Ottoman control over the region.

The resulting power vacuum encouraged Russia, Austria and other great powers to try to move in to fill it either by supporting the creation of new states like Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria or taking territory directly (such as Bosnia-Herzogovina, annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908). But equally important was the need of the European great powers to try and stop each other from gaining too much influence or power in the region as the Ottomans withdrew. Balancing these two often conflicting goals required very delicate diplomacy and was not helped by the emergence of the new Balkan states, like Serbia and Bulgaria, which were quite capable of turning the tables on those powers who sought to manipulate them as regional clients.

By the first decade of the new century many European leaders and diplomats were convinced that the next major European war would begin in the Balkans. The outbreak of the Balkan wars seemed to many observers in the press to be the much-predicted spark that would cause a wider war.

pepin the short[a] (german: pippin der kurze, french: pépin le bref, c. 714 – 24 september 768) was the king of the franks from 751 until his death. he was the first of the carolingians to become king.[b][2]

the younger son of the frankish prince charles martel and his wife rotrude, pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the monks of st. denis. succeeding his father as the mayor of the palace in 741, pepin reigned over francia jointly with his elder brother carloman. pepin ruled in neustria, burgundy, and provence, while his brother carloman established himself in austrasia, alemannia and thuringia. the brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the bavarians, aquitanians, saxons, and the alemanni in the early years of their reign. in 743, they ended the frankish interregnum by choosing childeric iii, who was to be the last merovingian monarch, as figurehead king of the franks.