How were the rulers of the early West African empires able to control the trans-Saharan trade?

Gold Trade and the Mali Empire Trans-Saharan routes began to bypass Audaghost, expanding instead toward the newly opened Bure goldfield. Soso, the southern chiefdom of the Soninke, gained control of Ghana as well as the Malinke, the latter eventually liberated by Sundiata Keita, who founded the Mali empire.

the language dates from the contacts of arabian traders with the inhabitants of the east coast of africa over many centuries. under arab influence, swahili originated as a lingua franca used by several closely related bantu-speaking tribal groups.

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