Wars between what two groups started with the Crusades and lasted into the Renaissance?

Apush explain two forces that led to african american suffrage & public service despite southern resistance

Read article 231 of the treaty of versailles. the allied governments affirm, and germany accepts, the responsibility of germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the allied governments and their peoples have been subjected as a consequence of the war. what was the consequence of germany having to accept this article? a.) germany would have to pay war reparations. b.) germany would have to accept new colonies. c.) germany would have to give part of its territory to poland. d.) germany would have to join the league of nations.

The photograph shows children in germany after wwi. the photograph was most likely taken to show?