What is Alexander Hamilton saying in this: Alexander Hamilton to James Duane, 3 Sept. 1780
“The fundamental defect is a want [lack] of power in Congress. It may be said that it has originated from three causes:
– an excess of the spirit of liberty which has made the particular states show a jealousy [distrust] of all power not in their own hands, and this jealousy has led them to exercise a right of judging in the last resort of the measures recommended by Congress, and of acting according to their own opinions of their propriety or necessity;
– a diffidence [lack of confidence] in Congress of their own powers, by which they have been timid and indecisive in their resolutions, constantly making concessions to the states till they have scarcely left themselves the shadow of power;
– a want of sufficient means at their disposal to answer the public exigencies [urgent needs] and of vigor to draw forth those means, which have occasioned [caused] them to depend on the states.
The confederation too gives the power of the purse too entirely to the state legislatures. It should provide perpetual funds in the disposal of Congress  by a land tax, poll tax, or the like. All imposts upon commerce ought to be laid by Congress and appropriated to their use, for without certain revenues a government can have no power. That power which holds the purse strings absolutely must rule.”

answer: 1

explanation:

im pretty sure

louverture's prominent role in the haitian success over colonialism and slavery had earned him the admiration of friends and detractors alike.

explanation:

toussaint louverture began his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in saint-domingue; he was by then a free man and a jacobin.

answer is x. lo xd

answer:   migrations were important in the neolithic period. "two major migrations passing through southeastern europe were confirmed by the means of archaeo-genetic studies."

the first migration was the early neolithic period -- 6,000 before common era (bce) -- when the first farmers, from anatolia -- asia minor -- spread through europe. the second migration occurred during the early bronze age (3,000-2,500 bce) when the so-called "steppe population," from the eurasian steppe, replaced much of northern europe's previous population.

the first farmers of northern and western europe passed through southeastern europe with limited hunter-gatherer genetic admixture, which occurs when two or more previously isolated populations begin interbreeding. however, some groups that remained mixed extensively -- without the male-biased, hunter-gatherer admixture that prevailed later in the north and west, according to latest discoveries. southeastern europe continued to be a nexus between east and west, with intermittent genetic contact with the steppe people up to 2,000 years before the migrations that replaced much of northern europe's population.

"in some places, hunter-gatherers and incoming farmers seem to have mixed very quickly," says iain mathieson, a geneticist at the university of pennsylvania, who was first author of the paper. "but, mostly, the two groups remained isolated, at least for the first few hundred years. these hunter-gatherers had been living there for thousands of years, and it must have been quite a shock to have these new people show up -- with a completely different lifestyle and appearance."