Countless people participated in the confiscation and auctioning of Jewish property, as well as the arrest and transport of millions to
camps. Do they bear any responsibility for the Holocaust?

Any action that directly or indirectly resulted in the death of Jews during the war can be considered an act of the Holocaust.

Explanation:

Jews suffered en masse. Over 6 million Jews lost their lives during the war. Most of them died in concentration camps. Jews were systematically liquidated, and very often, their locations were reported by citizens. Their property was looted, and their homes destroyed. Everyone who participated in these actions in any way is considered to have participated in the Holocaust.

b: the establishment clause  

b: socialism