A case that could have affected the Supreme Court in a positive or in a negative way, and landmark cases are the most in important cases in the U. S Supreme court. For Example the first landmark case was Marbury v. Madison, It was the first time the Supreme court had ever used Judicial Review. Also in a most landmark cases it involves U. S citizens rights.

Explanation:

Madison, legal case in which, on February 24, 1803, the U.S. Supreme Court first declared an act of Congress unconstitutional, thus establishing the doctrine of judicial review. The court's opinion, written by Chief Justice John Marshall, is considered one of the foundations of U.S. constitutional law.

a, c, & d are correct:

they wanted lands to settle the extra population.

they wanted new markets for english goods.

they wanted to avoid civil war.

the punishment for breaking the law would depend on the conditions or the seriousness of the law being broken, if he or she breaks the law while doing some great discovery or invention then it would classify as a scientific fraud. there are other words to describe the crime but scientific fraud would be the harshest one.