What is most likely the reason that the author included the clause “that his essay won first place”? to compare his essay to the moon
to add personification to “his essay”
to exaggerate the importance of the boy
to provide a context clue for “over the moon”

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the graph shows the spread of railways in the 1800s.

based on the graph, the conclusion that can be drawn about germany is answer d)   by 1880, germany had more rail lines than great britain and russia.

to force terrorists groups to stop attacking western targets using massive military force.